Nurses and physicians often recognize what kind of care a patient deserves in a given moment, be it more time at the bedside, a change in pain management, or a detailed conversation about the goals of a specific treatment. However, these healthcare professionals sometimes find themselves unable to follow through due to external factors, ranging from understaffing and resource shortages to institutional policies and regulations. This gap between what clinicians believe is right and what they are able to do is called "moral distress" in the field of healthcare ethics. Moral distress has been associated with burnout, staff turnover, and challenges in delivering ethically responsive patient care.

First introduced by ethicist Andrew Jameton, the concept of moral distress has been studied for over 40 years. Most existing research has assumed that clinicians already recognize what they ought to do, without fully examining how that recognition is formed. Far less attention has gone to a more basic question: How do healthcare professionals come to recognize that a situation is ethically significant in the first place? By overlooking this issue, the concept of moral distress remains somewhat blurry and hard to distinguish from ordinary workplace stress occupational burnout, disagreements about the appropriate course of care, or conflicts over professional roles.

Seeking to address this gap, a research team consisting of Professor Tomohide Ibuki from the Institute of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan, and Dr. Keiichiro Yamamoto from the Department of Clinical Research Management, Center for Clinical Sciences, Japan Institute for Health Security, Japan, revisited the foundations of moral distress from a philosophical perspective. Their study, published online in Nursing Ethics journal on July 9, 2026, draws on the work of philosopher John McDowell to propose a new way of understanding how healthcare professionals develop moral sensitivity and why moral distress arises.

Drawing on McDowell's account of perception, second nature, and the space of reasons, including his discussion of Bildung, or ethical formation, the authors argue that moral sensitivity in healthcare is a cultivated capacity to perceive ethically significant features of a clinical situation as reasons for action. Through education and clinical experience, professionals learn to perceive a patient’s pain, compromised dignity, or need for care as ethical reasons for action rather than neutral facts. On this basis, the paper philosophically reconstructs moral distress not merely as psychological stress or frustration at being blocked from acting, but as a form of normative suffering that occurs when a morally sensitive professional recognizes ethically significant reasons for action but is prevented by external constraints from responding to them. Unlike general psychological distress, moral distress specifically arises when clinicians recognize ethical reasons for action but are unable to respond because of institutional or organizational constraints.

This reframing leads to one of the main points of the paper, which the authors call the "paradox of moral distress." As the authors explain: "Paradoxically, healthcare professionals with greater moral sensitivity may be more likely to recognize ethical problems and, under organizational and institutional constraints, more likely to experience moral distress." Thus, moral distress may sometimes be a sign of strong ethical awareness rather than personal weakness or an inability to cope.

This relationship is a conceptual proposal that remains to be examined empirically, but the framework offers a clearer foundation for future research. If supported by future studies, this work could reshape how healthcare organizations approach moral distress. Rather than focusing only on helping individuals become more resilient or better able to cope with stress, healthcare systems should also examine whether clinicians are given the opportunity, resources, and institutional support to act on the ethical concerns they identify. Rather than discouraging healthcare professionals from recognizing or expressing ethical concerns, hospitals should combine ethics education with organizational support, including opportunities for ethical discussion, accessible ethics consultation, responsive leadership, adequate staffing and resources, and decision-making processes, that ensure clinicians' ethical concerns are heard and addressed. Similarly, ethics education should cultivate the ability to recognize ethically significant situations while being paired with organizational cultures that encourage ethical discussion and shared decision-making.

Ultimately, the researchers hope their work will encourage healthcare institutions to rethink moral distress and see it as a sign that organizational conditions might be standing in the way of ethical care. "Our framework could help create workplaces where healthcare professionals can more readily express ethical concerns and could inform educational and organizational improvements that support better patient care." The authors also suggest that addressing moral distress requires greater attention to organizational ethics and institutional reforms, rather than relying solely on individual coping strategies.

Image title: Healthcare professionals may experience moral distress when external constraints prevent ethically appropriate care
Image caption: This type of suffering arises when professionals recognize the ethically appropriate course of action but are prevented from acting because of external constraints.
Image credit: nenadstojkovicart from Openverse
Image source: https://openverse.org/image/746dee95-211a-4b74-a42f-126e10bc5b42?q=healthcare+professionals&p=64
License type: CC BY 2.0
Usage restrictions: Credit must be given to the creator.

About The Tokyo University of Science

Tokyo University of Science (TUS) is a well-known and respected university, and the largest science-specialized private research university in Japan, with four campuses in central Tokyo and its suburbs and in Hokkaido. Established in 1881, the university has continually contributed to Japan's development in science through inculcating the love for science in researchers, technicians, and educators.

With a mission of "Creating science and technology for the harmonious development of nature, human beings, and society," TUS has undertaken a wide range of research from basic to applied science. TUS has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive study in some of today's most vital fields. TUS is a meritocracy where the best in science is recognized and nurtured. It is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.