Tokyo University of Science

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2020.02.20 Thursday

Keeping It Simple―Synthesizing Useful Organic Compounds Now Made Easier and Cheaper

A breakthrough in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction―commonly used in synthesizing useful chemicals―allows scientists to cut down on the number of steps, leading to a more economical process

Organic boronic acids are widely used as starting material in the synthesis of various useful chemicals. But, some organic boronic acids are unstable and lead to unwanted "side reactions." Thus, they need to be protected with a functional group, which needs to be removed afterwards. A research team from Tokyo University of Science recently uncovered how this unnecessary step (removal of the functional group) could be avoided―showing how to make this process much easier and cheaper.

The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is a well-known chemical process in which a reaction between organic boronic acids and aryl halides leads to the synthesis of "biaryl" compounds, which are important components of various drugs and chemical products. This is also called cross-coupling, as two aryl molecules are combined, or cross-coupled, in this process. Because the organic aromatic molecules―which are formed as a result of this reaction―have various applications, such as in solvents and drugs, finding a way of optimizing the existing cross-coupling reactions is crucial. This is why, in a new study published in ACS Catalysts, a team of scientists from Japan, including Junior Assoc Prof Yuichiro Mutoh and Prof Shinichi Saito of Tokyo University of Science, wanted to check if this reaction can be made more efficient.

"Protected" organic boronic acid, which is an organic boronic acid with a "masking group," is frequently used as a precursor for boronic acid in the Suzuki―Miyaura reaction. Because the reactivity of the protected boronic acid is low, it does not take part in this reaction. Thus, the masking group needs to be removed for the reaction to proceed, which adds another step to the process. This made these scientists wonder: what if the masked molecules were directly used in the reaction? It would lead us to a much faster, cheaper technique! Prof Saito explains, "Because the removal of the masking group is necessary to provide the latent boronic acids that engage in subsequent Suzuki−Miyaura reactions, the direct use of the protected boronic acid in a Suzuki−Miyaura reaction would be highly desirable in terms number of steps and atom economy. This would help streamline the synthesis of complex molecules." The only challenge was that until now, there was no known way to directly use protected boronic acids without removing the masking group first, and thus, the scientists set out to find ways to do this.

The scientists knew that the process required a palladium catalyst (a molecule or compound that can speed up a reaction), a base, and two starting aryl molecules. They proceeded to check if the reaction takes place with a protected molecule. To begin with, they examined the impact of various bases on the reaction. They saw that when a particular potassium base, called KOt-Bu, was used, it resulted in a high yield of products, and this effect as not seen with other bases. Then, they tested various palladium-based catalysts and saw that all catalysts produced a similar yield, indicating that common palladium-based catalyst systems can be used for the cross-coupling. This led them to conclude that the KOt-Bu base played a crucial role if one was to use protected boronic acid directly. After over a dozen successful Suzuki-Miyaura reactions with high yield for different biaryl compounds, the team conducted "control" experiments to check for other variables and to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of the KOt-Bu base. Specifically, they checked if the chemical species were present in the reaction mixture before the reaction was complete, which uncovered an intermediate compound involving the KOt-Bu base and the boronic acid reagent. Using techniques like NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the scientists confirmed that the key to the success of these cross-coupling reactions is the use of KOt-Bu as the base, as it enables the formation of an active borate, essential for the reaction.

The methodology discovered in this study provides insight into the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction and proposes a novel way in which the required steps to use protected boronic acids can be minimized. The entire process to obtain biaryl molecules was carried in one single pot, which is advantageous in terms of space and cost. Prof Saito concludes, "We developed a way for the reaction to be step- and pot-economic, features that have received considerable attention in recent years. Thus, this study opens up new possibilities for the use of protected boronic acids in various coupling reactions."

Owing to its novel findings, this study was even selected to be on the cover of the January 2020 issue of ACS Catalysis. These findings will hopefully help simplify the synthesis of important complex molecules, including pharmaceutical drugs, so that more people can benefit from advances in the chemical sciences.

Reference

Titles of original paper :   Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling of 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene (dan)-Protected Arylboronic Acids
Journal :   ACS Catalysis
DOI :   10.1021/acscatal.9b03667/
About The Tokyo University of Science

Tokyo University of Science (TUS) is a well-known and respected university, and the largest science-specialized private research university in Japan, with four campuses in central Tokyo and its suburbs and in Hokkaido. Established in 1881, the university has continually contributed to Japan's development in science through inculcating the love for science in researchers, technicians, and educators.

With a mission of "Creating science and technology for the harmonious development of nature, human beings, and society", TUS has undertaken a wide range of research from basic to applied science. TUS has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive study in some of today's most vital fields. TUS is a meritocracy where the best in science is recognized and nurtured. It is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.

■Tokyo University of Science(About US) : https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/about/
■Research List: https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/news/03/

About Professor Shinichi Saito from Tokyo University of Science

Prof Shinichi Saito graduated in 1991 in Pharmaceutical Sciences from The University of Tokyo, where he also obtained his PhD in 1995. He joined Tokyo University of Science in 2002 as a principal investigator and a Lecturer. He became a Professor in 2009, and his team now focuses on synthesis methods for organic supramolecules, development of new and efficient reactions, and other aspects of organic chemistry. He has published more than 100 papers, many of which were selected as the covers of their respective journals.

SAITO Shinichi Professor
Tokyo University of Science, Faculty of Science Division I, Department of Chemistry
https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/fac/p/index.php?3b52

About Junior Associate Professor Yuichiro Mutoh from Tokyo University of Science

Dr Yuichiro Mutoh obtained his PhD from Gifu University in 2005. After completing his postdoctoral fellowship, in 2007, he joined Prof Youichi Ishii's research group at Chuo University as an Assistant Professor. In 2012, he moved to Prof Shinichi Saito's group at Tokyo University of Science and became a Junior Associate Professor in 2017. His research interests include the development of new transition-metal-catalyzed transformations and organometallic complexes with a heavier group 16 element ligand.

MUTOH Yuichiro Junior Associate Professor
Tokyo University of Science, Faculty of Science Division I, Department of Chemistry

Funding information

This research was partially supported by the Foundation for Interaction in Science and Technology (FIST), Japan.

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