Tokyo University of Science

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2019.05.23 Thursday

Charging into the future--novel rock salt for use in rechargeable magnesium batteries

Rechargeable, high-energy density magnesium batteries with a novel rock-salt cathode synthesized by researchers at Tokyo University of Science


Life today depends heavily on electricity. However, the unrelenting demand for electricity calls for increasingly greener and "portable" sources of energy. Although windmills and solar panels are promising alternatives, the fluctuation in output levels depending on external factors renders them as unreliable. Thus, from the viewpoint of resource allocation and economics, high-energy density secondary batteries are the way forward. By synthesizing novel material (a metal compound) for electrode that facilitates reversing of the chemistry of ions, a group of researchers led by Prof. Idemoto from Tokyo University of Science combat the wasteful aspects of energy sources by laying an important foundation for the production of next-generation rechargeable magnesium secondary batteries. The researchers are optimistic about the discovery and state, "We synthesized a rock salt type that has excellent potential for being used as the positive electrode material for next-generation secondary batteries."


The most popular source of portable energy, a battery comprises three basic components--the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte. These participate in an interplay of chemical reactions whereby the anode produces extra electrons (oxidation) that are absorbed by the cathode (reduction), resulting in a process known as redox reaction. Because the electrolyte inhibits the flow of electrons between the anode and cathode, the electrons preferentially flow through an external circuit, thus initiating a flow of current or "electricity." When the material in the cathode/anode can no longer absorb/shed electrons, the battery is deemed dead.

However, certain materials allow us to reverse the chemistry, using external electricity that runs in the opposite direction, such that the materials may return to their original state. Such rechargeable batteries are similar to the ones used in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones or tablets.

Charging into the future--novel rock salt for use in rechargeable magnesium batteries

Prof. Idemoto and colleagues at Tokyo University of Science synthesized cobalt-substituted MgNiO2, which shows promising results as a novel cathode. "We focused on magnesium secondary batteries that use polyvalent magnesium ions as movable ions," states Prof. Idemoto while highlighting their study and its tantalizing prospects "which are expected to have high energy density in next-generation secondary batteries." Of late, the low toxicity of magnesium and the ease of carrying out reversed reactions have generated enthusiasm for utilizing it as anode material in high-energy density, rechargeable batteries. However, realization of this remains difficult owing to the lack of a suitable complementary cathode and electrolyte. This is exactly what these researchers are aiming to change with their research published in the journal Inorganic Chemistry.

Building upon standard laboratory techniques, the researchers synthesized the novel salt using the "reverse co-precipitation" method. From the aqueous solution, they could extract the novel rock-salt. To investigate the structure as well as for lattice imaging of the extracted salt, they used neutron and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy complementarily. In other words, they studied the diffraction patterns created when the powder samples were irradiated with neutrons or X-ray, resulting in characteristic peaks in intensity at certain positions. Simultaneously, the researchers performed theoretical calculations and simulations for the rock salt-types that showed a possible "charge−discharge behavior" needed for suitable cathode materials. This allowed them to determine the arrangement of Mg, Ni, and Co cations in the rock-salt structure based on the most energetically stable structure among the 100 generated symmetrically distinct candidates.

Apart from the structural analysis, the researchers also performed charge−discharge tests with a tripolar cell and known reference electrodes, under several conditions, to understand the electrochemical properties of the rock salt as a cathode material for the magnesium rechargeable batteries. They found that they could manipulate the battery characteristics based on the Mg composition and the Ni/Co ratio. These structural and electrochemical analyses allowed them to demonstrate the optimal composition for the rock salt as a cathode material, along with its reliability under different ambient conditions. Prof. Idemoto and the team are optimistic about the features of the synthesized rock salt, as they emphasize, "it has an excellent potential for use as the positive electrode material."

At present, the secondary battery industry is dominated mainly by lithium ion batteries used for electricity storage, in vehicles and portable devices. There is, however, a cap on the energy density and storage of these batteries. But for Prof. Idemoto, limitations are merely opportunities, as he maintains, "Novel magnesium secondary batteries have the potential to surpass and replace lithium ion batteries as high-energy density secondary batteries through future research and development."

With such optimism spewing from the research, one can surely conclude that humans are charging into a tomorrow that is lit up by the science of today.


Reference
Titles of original papers:
Synthesis, Crystal Structure Analysis, and Electrochemical Properties of Rock-Salt Type MgxNiyCozO2 as a Cathode Material for Mg Rechargeable Batteries
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03638


About The Tokyo University of Science
Tokyo University of Science (TUS) is a well-known and respected university, and the largest science-specialized private research university in Japan, with four campuses in central Tokyo and its suburbs and in Hokkaido. Established in 1881, the university has continually contributed to Japan's development in science through inculcating the love for science in researchers, technicians, and educators.

With a mission of "Creating science and technology for the harmonious development of nature, human beings, and society", TUS has undertaken a wide range of research from basic to applied science. TUS has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive study in some of today's most vital fields. TUS is a meritocracy where the best in science is recognized and nurtured. It is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.
Website: https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/

About the author
About Professor Yasushi Idemoto, from Tokyo University of Science

Professor Yasushi Idemoto is a Professor in the Tokyo University of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry. He is one of the corresponding authors of the paper and is engaged in the study of Quantum Beam (Neutron and Synchrotron X-ray) Analysis, Thermodynamic Analysis and High Functional Oxide (Cathode Active Material for Lithium and Magnesium Secondary Battery, et al.).

Link: https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/fac/p/index.php?ba9

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